Botswana: A development-oriented gate-keeping state

Generic Update Operations Keeping Object - Oriented

One of the objectives of ooDBMSs is to use type-speciic methods for manipulating objects, in order to maintain the consistency of the database. This is, however, little help for the method implementor as far as the model-inherent constraints are concerned. We propose a set of generic update operations that maintain integrity constraints such as types, class memberships, subtype-, subclass-relat...

State Formation and Governance in Botswana

Our analysis begins with the puzzle: how did Botswana develop a legalrational state? We suggest that three key interlinked factors were important. First, during the pre-colonial period the Tswana developed local states with relatively limited kingship or chiefship and with a political structure that was able to integrate people of other ethnic groups such as Kalanga. Second, facing the onslaugh...

Plant development: Keeping your distance

The outer skin of a higher plant consists of a single layer of cells known as the epidermis. The epidermal layer is established during embryogenesis and is formed continually by cell division in meristems in the developing apices of the root and shoot. The epidermis expands by cell division and cell elongation as the plant grows. In addition to the relatively unspecialised epidermal cells, more...

Keeping my professional development continuous

The preferred doctor scheme: a political reading of a French experiment of gate-keeping.

OBJECTIVES Since 2006 France experiences an innovative version of Gate-keeping which aims at regulating access to outpatient specialist care. We describe the reform's initial objectives, the political pathway which lead to the implementation of a reshaped reform and discuss the first outcomes after 1 year implementation. In the conclusion, we try to catch a glimpse for future steps of the refor...